1) New class struggles replace old ones

The factory system creates ongoing conflicts between workers and factory owners, renewing struggle in a modern form.

Rather than ending conflict, industrialization shifts it to new, persistent power dynamics.

2) Loss of social ties and increased poverty

Factories break down close-knit, cooperative relationships and often push workers into deeper poverty as profits go to the owners.

Masses of workers become isolated and exploited within the machine-driven system.

3) De-personalized, repetitive work

Machinery and division of labor strip work of its personal character, making jobs monotonous and easy to imitate.

Workers become just parts of the machine rather than individuals with varied skills.